Eric_Djo CeEz

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"Healthy in Life and Soul"

Januari 25, 2011

COMMUNICATION WITH BABY, TODDLER, AND PRESCHOOL

A. Introduction
1. Baby
Baby is a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk and the baby begin to cry. The baby start to communication when the age is 8 month old. The steps of development of baby are :
a. 4-6 weeks : start to say vocal sounds like au or u
b. 2-3 months : start pay attention when mother speak and try to perceive it after mother stop speak.
c. 4-5 months : start to seek the source of sound with look if someone call her/his name, can recognize the face of their mother
d. 6-7 months : let’s the baby ci-luk-ba game, baby like this
e. 8-9 months : start do a simple movement like waves the hands or raise their hand to ask for carry them
f. 9-12 months : start show their desire to a object and reach it. Usually baby will cry if can’t reach it.
g. 12 months : start use the fingers to show thing that they want

2. Toddler
Toddler is a young child who is of the age of learning to walk, between infancy and childhood. Toddling usually begins between the ages of 12 and 18 months. During the toddler stage, the child also learns a great deal about social roles, develops motor skills, and first starts to use language. The steps of developments of toddler are :
15 months
• Can use 10-15 words
• Says "no" which is said while doing a request demand
• Indicates when diaper is wet
18 months
• Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns
• Begins to have temper tantrums
• Very ritualistic, has favorite toy or blanket, thumb-sucking may be at peak
2 years
• Vocabulary of about 350 words
• Obey simple commands
• Helps undress self and pull on simple clothes
• Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality
• Does not share possessions, everything "mine"
2 1/2 years
• Begins to see self as separate individual; still sees other children as "objects"
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word most often occurs around 12 months, but again this is only an average. The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7-9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play". Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.
3. Preschool
Three and four-year-old children are often called preschoolers. Preschool children are making developmental strides and express an interest in the world around them. They want to touch, taste, smell, hear, and test things for themselves. They are eager to learn. They learn by experiencing and by doing. Preschoolers learn from their play. They are busy developing skills, using language, and struggling to gain inner control.

Preschoolers want to establish themselves as separate from their parents. They are more independent than toddlers. They can express their needs since they have greater command of lan-guage.

Fears often develop during the preschool years. Common fears include new places and experiences and separation from parents and other important people. You can expect the preschool child to test you over and over again, to use profanity and other forbidden words, and to act very silly. Preschoolers may still have trouble getting along with other children, and sharing may still be difficult. Because of their developing imaginations and rich fantasy lives, they may have trouble telling fantasy from reality. They may also talk about imaginary friends. Preschoolers need clear and simple rules so that they know the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Understanding their growth and development will help you guide preschoolers through this stage. This fact sheet lists some of the characteristics of preschoolers. Remember that all preschoolers are different and reach the various stages at different times.
B. Communication Way
There are verbal and non- verbal communication. Verbal communication is communication way with sound. And non-verbal communication is communication with body language.

1. Communication way of baby
a. Verbal Communication
1) Cry
Many kinds of baby crying, but it has deferent meaning. There are five cries similar, but if we listen carefully they can be distinguished. These five cries are only present in babies from 0 – 3 months old.
a) Cry 1: Neh="I'm hungry"
"Neh" is the "I'm hungry" cry of a newborn. It is based on the sucking reflex. A newborn has a strong sucking reflex, and when they combine this reflex with a cry the result is "neh". When you hear this cry, nurse or give your newborn a bottle.
b) Cry 2: Owh="I'm Sleepy"
The cry to express tiredness is "owh". The "owh" sound is based on the yawning reflex. The first "ow" sound can be long and pronounced. When you hear this cry help your baby go to sleep. We always found that the more tired our babies became the harder it was for them to go to sleep. Look for other clues of sleepiness: rubbing the eyes and yawning.
c) Cry 3: Heh="I'm experiencing discomfort"
The cry "heh" is used when a newborn is feeling discomfort. This sound is different than the "I'm hungry" cry because there is a strong "h" sound at the beginning. If you hear this cry in your newborn, they may need their diaper changed or be put in a new position.
d) Cry 4: Eair="I have lower gas"
When babies have lower gas pain they often pull their legs towards their chest and make the cry sound "eair". We always found that when our newborns had gas they liked a bit of pressure on their tummies. We would either lay them on our legs perpendicularly and rub their backs or hold them in the elbow of our arm with our elbow supporting their head and their legs straddling our arm. (Be sure that your babies head is always held securely.) This can also be a good time for a baby massage with slow circular motions on your baby's tummy. Gas tablets or medicines never worked for our girls.
e) Cry 5: Eh="I need to burp"
You'll know when your newborn baby needs to burp if you can hear the "eh" in his/her cry. This cry is short and is repeated over and over; "eh, eh, eh." When you hear this sound gently place your baby on your chest with their head over your shoulder and gently pat them on the back.

2) Laughing
Laughing is used for baby to express if they feel happy.

b. Non-Verbal Communication
Babies can express their feelings and needs in many ways. Learning to read your baby is very important, especially for parents who want to respond to their baby's needs appropriately. The non-verbal communication in baby are :
1) Sucking
Babies love to suck. They suck not only for feeding, but for the pure joy of sucking. You may observe this vigorous response immediately after birth when a baby is breast-fed while its mother is still on the delivery table.
The best way to satisfy your baby's sucking needs is to provide a long enough feeding time to satisfy not only hunger, but also the need to suck. Breast-feeding usually takes care of this problem if the baby is allowed to nurse until he is satisfied. Usually twenty minutes is enough time to satisfy both hunger as well as sucking needs. If you bottle-feed, make sure the holes in the nipples are not so large that the baby finishes the milk in say ten minutes, but hasn't had a chance to satisfy his sucking needs.
Sucking helps babies relieve physical as well as emotional tension and can calm a fretful baby. Sucking the thumb sometimes helps a baby satisfy this need and should not be denied. You might have seen your baby suck her thumb at the time of an ultrasound examination during pregnancy! Some parents find a pacifier is satisfying and will discourage thumb sucking. And the pacifier can more easily be given up at age three to four months than thumb sucking. There are some fussy babies who seem more alert and tranquil when sucking a pacifier during the first year of life.
If you are nursing and choose to offer your baby a pacifier, wait a week or two until the baby has learned to nurse effectively. When some nursing babies are given a pacifier in the first few days after birth, they may find it difficult to learn to suck at the breast.

2) Reaching Out
If your baby reaches out for you, then she probably wants you to pick her up — and this doesn't mean that you are spoiling her. She needs to have contact with you during these early months by picking her up, holding her, gently rocking her, talking to her, or walking her.
If she holds her arms out to you, with or without crying, she needs to be responded to — and all parents will want to respond to the outreaching arms of their baby. Sometimes this reaching out may come in the middle of changing a soiled diaper, and this could delay your response somewhat. But this is only temporary and won't cause her to become upset if the baby knows that you will eventually respond to her.
3) Kicking Legs
If your baby is kicking his legs in glee in the bath, and smiling and cooing, then you can rest assured the baby is enjoying his bath. Your response can be to continue his bath and let him play in water. Some babies kick when they feel excited, such as anticipation of the upcoming feeding. Usually the kicking is also joined by hand waving and head movements.
Some kicking also may occur when the baby is crying or fretful. I'd say the kicking alone is not enough to say what kind of response is necessary. It would depend on what else is going on with the baby. Is she crying and kicking, or smiling and kicking? Does she enjoy kicking? If so, then no response is necessary
4) Smile
This expression to express happiness.
2. Communication way of toddler
a. Verbal Communication
1) Crying
Crying of toddler is different with baby crying. Commonly crying of toddler mix with words. But it is not clear enough. Because, they only have limited words to say. And their vocal is not clear. For example, they want to say letter “r” but they say “l”.
2) Laughing
Like baby expression. Toddler is used laughing to express happiness.
3) High-Pitched Squealing
When toddler first realize they can make a sound, they may repeat it over and over with glee realizing they have made this wonderful new noise. Some toddler will make a high-pitched squealing sound, and listen to see if they can do it again. The high-pitch seems to excite them, and what makes it more exciting is when the parents respond. A happy todder can entertain themselves endlessly by producing these early pre-language sounds. These sounds often do not require a response. Some parents enjoy repeating the sound themselves to keep the toddler company in her search for verbalizing in a nonverbal way. Just noticing and talking back, and showing your appreciation is enough in most cases.

b. Non-Verbal Communication
1) Nodding of Head ( Angguk)
This communication is used by toddler to express agreement about the sentences from the other people. For example, mom is offering biscuit and the mom ask, “Do you want a biscuit?”. And then the toddler answer with nodding of his head. This condition show that the toddler agree with the offering.
2) Move from side to side ( Geleng)
This communication is used by toddler to express disagree about the sentence from the other people. For example, the mom is offering a biscuit and the mom ask, “Do you want this biscuit?”. And then the toddler answer with move side to side. This condition show that toddler disagree with the offering.
3) Smile
This communication is used by toddler to express happy feeling.
4) Sullen
This expression to solve if they feel unhappy, feeling sad and angry.

3. Communication way of preschool
a. Verbal Communication
1) Crying
Commonly crying of preschool is same with toddler. Preschool use crying to express sadness. And their crying mix with words but the word that they say more clear then toddler.
2) Laughing
Like baby and toddler expression. Preschool is used laughing to express happiness.
3) High-Pitched squealing
When preschool first realize they can make a sound, they may repeat it over and over with glee realizing they have made this wonderful new noise. Some preschool will make a high-pitched squealing sound, and listen to see if they can do it again. The high-pitch seems to excite them, and what makes it more exciting is when the parents respond. A happy preschool can entertain themselves endlessly by producing these early pre-language sounds. These sounds often do not require a response. Some parents enjoy repeating the sound themselves to keep the preschool company in her search for verbalizing in a nonverbal way. Just noticing and talking back, and showing your appreciation is enough in most cases.
4) Speaking
Preschool speak to another person with clear and simple words. They have cleared to say “r”, not “l” again. But, it is not all preschool. May be it caused by some factor. Preschool is low in exercise to speak.
b. Non-Verbal Communication
1) Nodding of Head ( Angguk)
This communication is used by preschool to express agreement about the sentences from the other people. For example, mom is offering biscuit and the mom ask, “Do you want a biscuit?”. And then the preschool answer with nodding of his head. This condition show that the preschool agree with the offering.

2) Move from side to side ( Geleng)
This communication is used by preschool to express disagree about the sentence from the other people. For example, the mom is offering a biscuit and the mom ask, “Do you want this biscuit?”. And then the preschool answer with move side to side. This condition show that preschool disagree with the offering.
3) Smile
This communication is used by preschool to express happy feeling.
4) Sullen
This expression to solve if they feel unhappy, feeling sad and angry.







how to communicate with baby
1. Your baby's cries are identified easier during the pre-cry stage before the baby become hysterical. Try to Listen, Decide and Act before the cries becomes too difficult to distinguish.
2. React to the dominant word. If you hear more than one word being said, pay the most attention to the most dominant sound/word.
3. If you can't understand the cry, change the position of your baby; e.g., put them over your knee, shoulder, or on your lap.
4. Listen for the distinctive sound in each word, e.g., the "N" in "Neh".
5. If you can't understand the word and feel distressed, just comfort your baby as best you can and listen for the word next time.